GRE Argument - 萬能123 方法整理

前言

準備 GRE 寫作時，在網路上看到 萬能123 的方法，覺得蠻不錯的！
但是對於排版感覺有點混亂，讀起來總是有疙瘩在...，因此想整理成為一套自己理解的方法，方便做準備。

第一部分是方法的簡單描述，特意整理為字數少且簡單明瞭，適合背起來在考場上默寫。
第二部分才是方法的詳細說明。

方法

  1. 論據
    • 說明不足
    • 無證據的論據
  2. 論證過程
    • 大－＞小、小－＞大、特殊－＞普通
    • 無因果
    • 錯誤類比
    • 錯誤推論
  3. 結論
    • 非最佳解、負面影響、沒必要
    • 有市場 != 有營利
      (!= 代表 不等於)

詳細說明

  1. 論據
    • 說明不足（包含引用無說明）
      因為沒有針對引用的樣本做說明，可以攻擊論據不具代表性。例如：
      • 因為樣本太小，而且說明不足，所以不具代表性
      • 因為樣本特殊，而且說明不足，所以不具代表性
    • 無證據的論據
      因為該論述無引用樣本，或該論述不屬於調查、研究，可以攻擊該論述無證據證明
  2. 論證過程
    • 大推小、小推大、特殊推普通
    • 無因果
    • 錯誤類比
      以上都是從錯誤推論中，直接整理出來比較直覺的錯誤推論。
    • 錯誤推論
      非以上整理的錯誤推論，都屬於此點。 例如：
      論證過程：A以前喜歡吃蘋果，所以現在也喜歡吃蘋果。
      推翻：以前喜歡不代表現在喜歡。
  3. 結論
    • 非最佳解、負面影響、沒必要
    • 有市場 != 有營利
      (!= 代表 不等於)
      以上兩個攻擊點，除了科普文章外，建議性的文章都能使用。

注意

  • 攻擊思路，不是攻擊語言(挑語病)。
  • 文章中間部分為重點。
  • 舉反例攻擊，最少 1個，2~3個較洽當。

懶人準備模板法

  • 把範文拿出來修改，將涉及題目文章的部分去掉。
  • 再將剩下共用的部分使用自己的口吻修改，避免抄襲。

留言

張貼留言

這個網誌中的熱門文章

GRE 機經 邏輯閱讀

Columnist: Until very recently, Presorbin and Veltrex, two medications used to block excess stomach acid, were both available only with a prescription written by a doctor. In an advertisement for Presorbin, its makers argue that Presorbin is superior on the grounds that doctors have written 200 million prescriptions for Presorbin, as compared to 100 million for Veltrex. It can be argued that the number of prescriptions written is never a worthwhile criterion for comparing the merits of medicines, but that the advertisement’s argument is absurd is quite adequately revealed by observing that Presorbin was available as a prescription medicine years before Veltrex was. In the columnist’s argument, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles? The first is a claim that the columnist’s argument seeks to clarify; the second states a conclusion drawn about one possible interpretation of that claim. The first identifies the conclusion of an argument that the columnist...
閱讀完整內容

GRE 機經 中短文章

According to Hill and Spicer, the term “nation-state” is a misnomer, since the ideal model of a monolingual, culturally homogeneous state has never existed, not even among Europeans, who invented the nation-state concept and introduced it to the rest of the world. Modern European states, they argue, emerged after the Renaissance through the rise of nations (i.e., specific ethnic groups) to positions of political and economic dominance over a number of other ethnic groups within the bounded political territories. The term “nation-state”, Hill and Spicer argue, obscures the internal cultural and linguistic diversity of states that could more accurately be called “conquest states.” The resurgence of multiple ethnic groups within a single state, Hill says, is not “potentially threating to the sovereign jurisdiction of the state,” as Urban and Sherzer suggest; rather, the assertion of cultural differences threatens to reveal ethnocentric beliefs and practices upon which conquest states wer...
閱讀完整內容

GRE 填空

Although one can adduce myriad of examples of ecosystem disruption by nonindigenous species, nevertheless most introduced species that survive in fact appear to have quite _____ effects on the ecosystem they have invaded. A. minimal B. trifling C. marked D. conspicuous E. intriguing F. deleterious
閱讀完整內容